Musi wa15 Kurume, nzira yekudzora muganhu wecarbon (CBAM, inozivikanwawo seEU carbon tariff) yakatenderwa neEU Council. Yakarongerwa kutanga kushandiswa zviri pamutemo kubva Ndira 1, 2023, zvichiisa nguva yekuchinja kwemakore matatu. Pazuva rimwe chete, pamusangano wekomiti yezvehupfumi nezvemari (Ecofin) yeEuropean Council, makurukota emari enyika makumi maviri nenomwe dzeEU vakatora chirongwa cheFrance chemitero yecarbon, hutungamiriri hweEuropean Council hunotenderera. Izvi zvinoreva kuti Nyika dziri Nhengo dzeEU dzinotsigira kuitiswa kwemutemo wemitero yecarbon. Sechirongwa chekutanga chepasi rose chekugadzirisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze muchimiro chemitero yecarbon, nzira yekudzora muganhu wecarbon ichave nemhedzisiro yakakura pakutengeserana kwepasi rose. Zvinotarisirwa kuti muna Chikunguru gore rino, mutero wecarbon weEU uchapinda muchikamu chekutaurirana kwezvikamu zvitatu pakati peEuropean Commission, European Council neEuropean Parliament. Kana zvikafamba zvakanaka, gwaro rekupedzisira remutemo richagamuchirwa.
Pfungwa ye "mutero wekabhoni" haisati yamboshandiswa zvakanyanya kubvira payakatangwa muma1990. Vamwe vadzidzi vanotenda kuti mutero wekabhoni weEU unogona kunge uri mutero wekunze unoshandiswa kutenga rezenisi yeEU yekupinza kana mutero wekushandiswa kwemuno unobhadharwa pahuwandu hwekabhoni hwezvigadzirwa zvinopinzwa kunze, inova imwe yenzira dzekubudirira kwechibvumirano chitsva cheEU chegreen. Zvichienderana nezvinodiwa neEU zvemutero wekabhoni, ichabhadharisa mitero pasimbi, simende, aruminiyamu uye fetereza yemakemikari inopinzwa kubva kunyika nenzvimbo dzine zvirambidzo zvekabhoni yakasununguka. Nguva yekuchinja kwemaitiro aya inobva muna 2023 kusvika 2025. Munguva yekuchinja, hapana chikonzero chekubhadhara mari inoenderana, asi vanopinza vanofanirwa kuendesa zvitupa zvehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinopinzwa kunze, kuburitswa kwekabhoni uye kuburitswa kwemhepo kusina kunanga, uye mari ine chekuita nekuburitswa kwekabhoni inobhadharwa nezvigadzirwa zviri munyika yazvakabva. Mushure mekupera kwenguva yekuchinja, vanopinza vachabhadhara mari yakakodzera yekuburitswa kwekabhoni kwezvigadzirwa zvinopinzwa kunze. Parizvino, EU yave ichida kuti mabhizinesi aongorore, averenge uye ataure mutengo wekabhoni wezvigadzirwa vega. Kushandiswa kwemutero wekabhoni weEU kuchakanganisa sei? Ndeapi matambudziko ari kusangana nekushandiswa kwemitero yekabhoni yeEU? Pepa rino richaongorora izvi muchidimbu.
Tichakurumidzisa kuvandudzwa kwemusika wekabhoni
Ongororo dzakaratidza kuti pasi pemhando dzakasiyana uye mitengo yakasiyana yemitero, kuunganidzwa kwemitero yekabhoni yeEU kuchaderedza kutengeserana kwese kweChina neEurope ne10% ~ 20%. Sekureva kweEuropean Commission, mitengo yekabhoni ichaunza mabhiriyoni mana emaeuro kusvika mabhiriyoni gumi nemashanu emaeuro e "mari yekuwedzera" kuEU gore rega rega, uye icharatidza kuwedzera kuri kuita gore negore munguva yakati. EU ichatarisa pamitero yearuminiyamu, fetiraiza yemakemikari, simbi nemagetsi. Vamwe vadzidzi vanotenda kuti EU "ichadurura" mitero yekabhoni kune dzimwe nyika kuburikidza nezvirongwa zvemasangano, kuitira kuti ive nemhedzisiro yakakura pamabasa ekutengeserana eChina.
Muna 2021, simbi yakatengeswa kunze kwenyika neChina kunyika makumi maviri nenomwe dzeEU neUK yakasvika matani mamiriyoni 3.184, kuwedzera kwegore negore kwe52.4%. Zvichienderana nemutengo we50 euros / tani mumusika wekabhoni muna 2021, EU ichaisa mutero wekabhoni wemamiriyoni 159.2 euros pazvigadzirwa zvesimbi zveChina. Izvi zvichawedzera kuderedza mukana wemitengo wezvigadzirwa zvesimbi zveChina zvinotumirwa kuEU. Panguva imwe chete, ichasimudzirawo indasitiri yesimbi yeChina kuti ikurumidze kukurumidza kwekubvisa kabhoni uye kukurumidzisa kukura kwemusika wekabhoni. Zvichitevera zvinodiwa nemamiriro ekunze uye kudiwa chaiko kwemabhizinesi eChina kuti apindure nenzira yeEU carbon border regulation, kumanikidzwa kwekuvaka kwemusika wekabhoni weChina kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera. Inyaya inofanirwa kufungwa zvakanyanya kuti isimudzire indasitiri yesimbi nesimbi nemamwe maindasitiri kuti abatanidzwe muhurongwa hwekutengesa kabhoni. Nekukurumidzira kuvaka uye kuvandudza musika wekabhoni, kuderedza huwandu hwemitero inofanirwa kubhadharwa nemakambani ekuChina pakutumira zvigadzirwa kumusika weEU kunogonawo kudzivirira kubhadhariswa mitero kaviri.
Kurudzira kukura kwekudiwa kwesimba remagetsi rinochengetedza nharaunda
Sekureva kwechirongwa chitsva ichi, mutero wekabhoni weEU unongoziva mutengo wekabhoni wakajeka, izvo zvichakurudzira zvikuru kukura kwekudiwa kwesimba remagetsi rinochengetedza nharaunda muChina. Parizvino, hazvizivikanwe kana EU ichibvuma kuderedzwa kwesimba rinochengetedza nharaunda muChina (CCER). Kana musika wekabhoni weEU usingacherechedze CCER, chekutanga, zvichaodza mwoyo makambani eChina anotarisira kutengesa kunze kwenyika kubva pakutenga CCER kuti adzivise zvibodzwa, chechipiri, zvichakonzera kushomeka kwezvibodzwa zvekabhoni uye kukwira kwemitengo yekabhoni, uye chechitatu, makambani anotarisira kutengesa kunze kwenyika achada kuwana zvirongwa zvekuderedza utsi zvinodhura zvishoma zvinogona kuzadza gap remuganho. Zvichibva pahurongwa hwekuvandudza simba rinochengetedza nharaunda uye kushandiswa pasi pehurongwa hwe "kabhoni kaviri" hweChina, kushandiswa kwesimba rinochengetedza nharaunda kwaratidza kuva sarudzo yakanakisa kune makambani ekugadzirisa mitero yekabhoni yeEU. Nekukura kuri kuramba kuchiitwa nevatengi, izvi hazvingobatsiri chete kuvandudza kugona kwesimba rinochengetedza nharaunda, asiwo zvinokurudzira makambani kuti aise mari mukugadzira simba rinochengetedza nharaunda.
Kurumidza kubvumidza kupihwa kwezvitupa zvekabhoni shoma uye kabhoni isina kabhoni
Parizvino, ArcelorMittal, kambani yesimbi yekuEurope, yatanga chitupa chesimbi isina kabhoni kuburikidza nechirongwa che xcarbtm, ThyssenKrupp yatanga blueminttm, kambani yesimbi inoburitsa kabhoni shoma, Nucor steel, kambani yesimbi yekuAmerica, yatanga chitupa chesimbi isina kabhoni econiqtm, uye Schnitzer steel yatangawo chitupa cheGRN, chinhu chebhawa newaya. Zvichitevera kukurumidza kuzadzikiswa kwekusashanda zvakanaka kwekabhoni pasi rose, mabhizinesi esimbi nesimbi ekuChina Baowu, Hegang, Anshan Iron nesimbi, Jianlong, nezvimwewo, akaburitsa gwara rekusashanda zvakanaka kwekabhoni, achifambirana nemakambani epasi rose mukutsvaga mhinduro dzetekinoroji dzinobudirira, uye anoedza kupfuura.
Kuitwa chaiko kuchiri kusangana nezvipingamupinyi zvakawanda
Kuchine zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda pakuitwa chaiko kwemutero wekabhoni weEU, uye sisitimu ye free carbon quota ichave imwe yezvipingamupinyi zvikuru pakubvumidzwa kwemutero wekabhoni. Pakupera kwa2019, mabhizinesi anopfuura hafu ari muhurongwa hwekutengeserana nekabhoni hweEU achiri kuwana mahara carbon quota. Izvi zvichakanganisa makwikwi uye hazvienderane nehurongwa hweEU hwekuzadzisa kusava nekabhoni panosvika 2050.
Pamusoro pezvo, EU inotarisira kuti nekuisa mitero yekabhoni ine mitengo yakafanana yekabhoni yemukati pazvigadzirwa zvakafanana zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika, ichaedza kuenderana nemitemo yakakodzera yesangano rekutengeserana repasi rose, kunyanya Chinyorwa 1 (kubatwa kwenyika kwakanyanya kufarirwa) uye Chinyorwa 3 (pfungwa isina rusaruro yezvigadzirwa zvakafanana) yechibvumirano chikuru cheMitero nekutengeserana (GATT).
Indasitiri yesimbi nesimbi ndiyo indasitiri ine kabhoni yakawanda inoburitsa muhupfumi hwenyika. Panguva imwe chete, indasitiri yesimbi nesimbi ine tambo refu uye ine simba guru. Kuitwa kwemutemo wemitero yekabhoni muindasitiri iyi kunosangana nematambudziko makuru. Chikumbiro cheEU che "kukura kwezvirimwa nekushandura kwedhijitari" chinonyanya kukosha ndechekusimudzira kukwikwidzana kwemaindasitiri echinyakare akadai seindasitiri yesimbi. Muna 2021, huwandu hwesimbi isina kuchekwa muEU hwaive matani mamiriyoni 152.5, uye hweEurope yese hwaive matani mamiriyoni 203.7, nekuwedzera kwegore negore kwe13.7%, zvichireva 10.4% yehuwandu hwesimbi isina kuchekwa pasi rose. Zvinogona kutariswa kuti mutemo wemitero yekabhoni weEU uri kuedzawo kugadzira hurongwa hutsva hwekutengeserana, kugadzira mitemo mitsva yekutengeserana pamusoro pekugadzirisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze nekukura kwemaindasitiri, uye kuedza kubatanidzwa muhurongwa hwesangano rekutengeserana repasi rose kuti hubatsire EU.
Muchidimbu, mutero wekabhoni chipingamupinyi chitsva chekutengeserana, icho chinangwa chacho ndechekuchengetedza kururamisira kweEU uye kunyange musika wesimbi weEurope. Pachine nguva yekuchinja kwemakore matatu musati wanyatsoitwa mutero wekabhoni weEU. Pachine nguva yekuti nyika nemabhizinesi vagadzire matanho ekudzivirira. Simba rinosunga remitemo yepasi rose pamusoro pekuburitsa kabhoni richawedzera kana kusaderera. Indasitiri yesimbi nesimbi yeChina ichatora chikamu uye zvishoma nezvishoma muhurongwa hwekuvandudza kwenguva refu. Kune mabhizinesi esimbi nesimbi, nzira inoshanda zvikuru ichiri kutora nzira yekuvandudza girini nekabhoni shoma, kubata nehukama huripo pakati pekuvandudza nekuderedza kuburitsa, kukurumidzisa kushandurwa kwesimba rekare neritsva rekinetic, kukudziridza simba idzva nesimba, kukurumidzisa kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yegirini uye kuvandudza kukwikwidzana kwemusika wepasi rose.