Muna 2019, kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa pasi rose kwaive matani mabhiriyoni 1.89, uye kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa pasi rose kwaive matani mamiriyoni 950, zvichiita 50% yehuwandu hwenyika. Muna 2019, kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa pasi rose kwakasvika pamusoro pechinyakare, uye kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa pamunhu kwakasvika 659 kg. Kubva muruzivo rwebudiriro rwenyika dzakabudirira muEurope neUnited States, kana kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa pamunhu kwasvika 500 kg, huwandu hwekushandiswa huchadzikira. Saka, zvinogona kufanotaurwa kuti kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa pasi rose kwasvika pakakwirira, kuchapinda munguva yakagadzikana, uye pakupedzisira kudiwa kuchadzikira. Muna 2020, kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa pasi rose kwaive matani mabhiriyoni 1.89 uye matani mabhiriyoni 1.88 zvichiteerana. Simbi isina kugadzirwa yakagadzirwa nesimbi sechigadzirwa chikuru chaive matani angangoita mabhiriyoni 1.31, ichidya matani angangoita mabhiriyoni 2.33 esimbi, yakaderera zvishoma pane yakabuda matani mabhiriyoni 2.4 esimbi mugore rimwe chete.
Nekuongorora kubuda kwesimbi isina kuchekwa uye kushandiswa kwesimbi yakapedzwa, kudiwa kwesimbi mumusika kunogona kuratidzwa. Kuti vaverengi vanzwisise zviri nani hukama huripo pakati pezvinhu zvitatu izvi, bepa iri rinoongorora zvishoma kubva pazvinhu zvitatu: kubuda kwesimbi isina kuchekwa pasi rose, kushandiswa kuri pachena uye nzira yemitengo yesimbi yepasi rose.
Kuburitswa kwesimbi isina kuchena pasi rose
Muna 2020, huwandu hwesimbi isina kuchekwa pasi rose hwaive matani mabhiriyoni 1.88. Huwandu hwesimbi isina kuchekwa kubva kuChina, India, Japan, United States, Russia neSouth Korea hwakaita 56.7%, 5.3%, 4.4%, 3.9%, 3.8% uye 3.6% yehuwandu hwenyika dzese zvichiteerana, uye huwandu hwesimbi isina kuchekwa kubva kunyika nhanhatu idzi hwakaita 77.5% yehuwandu hwenyika dzese. Muna 2020, huwandu hwesimbi isina kuchekwa pasi rose hwakawedzera ne30.8% gore negore.
Kuburitswa kwesimbi isina kuchekwa muChina muna 2020 kwakasvika matani mabhiriyoni 1.065. Mushure mekupfuura matani mamiriyoni zana kekutanga muna 1996, kuburitswa kwesimbi isina kuchekwa muChina kwakasvika matani mamiriyoni mazana mana nemakumi mapfumbamwe muna 2007, zvakapetwa kanopfuura kana mumakore gumi nemaviri, neavhareji yekukura kwegore negore ye14.2%. Kubva muna 2001 kusvika 2007, kukura kwegore negore kwakasvika 21.1%, kusvika 27.2% (2004). Mushure megore ra2007, zvakanganiswa nedambudziko remari, zvirambidzo zvekugadzira nezvimwe zvinhu, kukura kwekugadzirwa kwesimbi isina kuchekwa muChina kwakadzikira, uye kwakatoratidza kukura kusina kunaka muna 2015. Nokudaro, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti danho rekumhanya kukuru rekukura kwesimbi nesimbi muChina rapfuura, kukura kwezvibodzwa mune ramangwana kwakaderera, uye pakupedzisira pachava nekukura kusina kunaka.
Kubva muna 2010 kusvika 2020, kukura kwesimbi isina kuchekwa muIndia kwaive kwechipiri mushure meChina, neavhareji yekukura kwegore negore ye3.8%; Kubuda kwesimbi isina kuchekwa kwakapfuura matani mamiriyoni zana kekutanga muna 2017, ikava nyika yechishanu ine kuburitsa simbi isina kuchekwa inodarika matani mamiriyoni zana munhoroondo, uye yakapfuura Japan muna 2018, iri pachinzvimbo chechipiri pasi rose.
United States ndiyo nyika yekutanga ine matani emamiriyoni zana esimbi isina kugadzirwa pagore (matani anopfuura mamiriyoni zana esimbi isina kugadzirwa akawanikwa kekutanga muna 1953), achisvika pahuwandu hwematani mamiriyoni zana nemakumi matatu nemanomwe muna 1973, achitanga kushanda pasi rose kubva muna 1950 kusvika 1972. Zvisinei, kubvira muna 1982, huwandu hwesimbi isina kugadzirwa muUnited States hwakaderera, uye huwandu hwesimbi isina kugadzirwa muna 2020 hunongova matani mamiriyoni makumi manomwe nemaviri nemazana manomwe.
Kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa kuri pachena pasi rose
Muna 2019, kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa pasi rose kwaive matani mabhiriyoni 1.89. Kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa muChina, India, United States, Japan, South Korea neRussia kwaive ne50%, 5.8%, 5.7%, 3.7%, 2.9% uye 2.5% yehuwandu hwepasi rose zvichiteerana. Muna 2019, kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa pasi rose kwakawedzera ne52.7% kupfuura 2009, neavhareji yekukura kwegore negore kwe4.3%.
Kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa muChina muna 2019 kwave kuda kusvika bhiriyoni rimwe chete. Mushure mekupfuura matani mamiriyoni zana kekutanga muna 1993, kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa muChina kwakasvika matani anopfuura mamiriyoni mazana maviri muna 2002, uye kwakazopinda munguva yekukura nekukurumidza, kusvika matani mamiriyoni mazana mashanu nemakumi manomwe muna 2009, kuwedzera kwe179.2% kupfuura 2002 uye avhareji yekukura kwegore negore ye15.8%. Mushure megore ra2009, nekuda kwedambudziko remari nekugadzirisa kwehupfumi, kukura kwekudiwa kwakadzikira. Kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa muChina kwakaratidzwa kukura kusina kunaka muna 2014 na2015, uye kwakadzokera kukukura kwakanaka muna 2016, asi kukura kwacho kwakadzikira mumakore achangopfuura.
Kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kuchekwa muIndia muna 2019 kwaive matani mamiriyoni 108.86, zvichipfuura United States uye zviri panzvimbo yechipiri pasi rose. Muna 2019, kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kuchekwa muIndia kwakawedzera ne69.1% kupfuura mugore ra2009, neavhareji yekukura kwegore negore ye5.4%, iri pekutanga pasi rose munguva imwe chete.
United States ndiyo nyika yekutanga pasi rose kushandisa simbi isina kucheneswa kunodarika matani mamiriyoni zana, uye iri pamberi pasi rose kwemakore mazhinji. Yakanganiswa nedambudziko remari ra2008, kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa muUnited States kwakaderera zvakanyanya muna 2009, kwakaderera nehafu pane kwa2008, matani mamiriyoni makumi matanhatu nepfumbamwe nemazana mana chete. Kubva muna 1993, kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa muUnited States kwave kuri pasi pematani mamiriyoni zana chete muna 2009 na2010.
Kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa pamunhu pasi rose
Muna 2019, kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa pasi rose kwaive 245 kg. Kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kucheneswa kwakanyanya pamunhu mumwe nemumwe kwaive South Korea (1082 kg pamunhu). Dzimwe nyika huru dzinoshandisa simbi isina kucheneswa dzakashandisa zvakanyanya munhu mumwe nemumwe dzaive China (659 kg pamunhu), Japan (550 kg pamunhu), Germany (443 kg pamunhu), Turkey (332 kg pamunhu), Russia (322 kg pamunhu) neUnited States (265 kg pamunhu).
Kugadzira maindasitiri inzira iyo vanhu vanoshandura zviwanikwa zvechisikigo kuita hupfumi hwemagariro evanhu. Kana hupfumi hwemagariro evanhu hukaungana kusvika padanho rakati uye maindasitiri akapinda munguva yakakura, shanduko huru dzichaitika muchimiro chehupfumi, kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kuchekwa uye zviwanikwa zvakakosha zvezvicherwa zvichatanga kudzikira, uye kumhanya kwekushandiswa kwesimba kuchadzikirawo. Semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kuchekwa pamunhu muUnited States kwakaramba kuri padanho repamusoro muma1970, kusvika pa711 kg (1973). Kubva ipapo, kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kuchekwa pamunhu muUnited States kwakatanga kudzikira, nekuderera kukuru kubva kuma1980 kusvika kuma1990. Yakaderera pasi (226kg) muna 2009 uye zvishoma nezvishoma yakawedzera kusvika 330kg kusvika 2019.
Muna 2020, huwandu hwevanhu vemuIndia, South America neAfrica huchava mabhiriyoni 1.37, mamiriyoni 650 uye mabhiriyoni 1.29 zvichiteerana, inova ndiyo nzvimbo huru yekukura kwekudiwa kwesimbi mune ramangwana, asi zvichaenderana nekukura kwehupfumi hwenyika dzakasiyana panguva iyoyo.
Maitiro emitengo yepasi rose yesimbi
Nzira yepasi rose yekutenga simbi inosanganisira mitengo yenguva refu yekubatana uye mitengo ye index. Mitengo yenguva refu yekubatana ndiyo yaimbova nzira yakakosha yekutenga simbi pasi rose. Chinangwa chayo ndechekuti mativi ekugovera nekudiwa kwesimbi anovhara huwandu hwekugovera kana huwandu hwekutenga kuburikidza nezvibvumirano zvenguva refu. Nguva yacho inowanzova makore 5-10, kana kunyange makore 20-30, asi mutengo hauna kugadzika. Kubva kuma1980, chiyero chemitengo chenzira yenguva refu yekubatanidza mitengo chakachinja kubva pamutengo wekutanga weFOB kuenda pamutengo wakakurumbira pamwe nekutakura zvinhu mugungwa.
Tsika yemitengo yehurongwa hwenguva refu hwekugadzirisa mitengo ndeyekuti mugore rega rega remari, vatengesi vakuru vesimbi pasi rose vanotaurirana nevatengi vavo vakuru kuti vaone mutengo wesimbi wegore rinotevera remari. Kana mutengo wacho wangowanikwa, mapato ese ari maviri anofanira kuushandisa mukati megore rimwe zvichienderana nemutengo wakataurwa. Mushure mekunge chero bato reanoda simbi uye chero bato reanopa simbi vasvika pachibvumirano, hurukuro dzichapedzwa, uye mutengo wesimbi wepasi rose uchapedzwa kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi. Iyi nzira yekutaurirana ndiyo nzira ye "kutanga kutevera mafambiro". Chiyero chemitengo ndicho FOB. Kuwedzera kwesimbi yemhando imwechete pasi rese kwakafanana, kureva kuti, "FOB, kuwedzera kwakafanana".
Mutengo wesimbi muJapan wakatora nzvimbo yakakura mumusika wesimbi yepasi rose nematani makumi maviri muna 1980 ~ 2001. Mushure mekupinda muzana remakore rechi21, indasitiri yesimbi nesimbi muChina yakabudirira uye yakatanga kuva nemhedzisiro yakakosha pakugadzirwa nekudiwa kwesimbi yepasi rose. Kugadzirwa kwesimbi kwakatanga kusakwanisa kusangana nekukurumidza kwekukura kwesimba rekugadzira simbi nesimbi pasi rose, uye mitengo yesimbi yepasi rose yakatanga kukwira zvakanyanya, zvichiisa hwaro hwe "kudzikira" kwemutengo wechibvumirano chenguva refu.
Muna 2008, BHP, vale naRio Tinto vakatanga kutsvaga nzira dzemitengo dzinovabatsira. Mushure mekunge vale vataurirana nezvemutengo wekutanga, Rio Tinto yakarwira kuwedzera kukuru yoga, uye modhi ye "kutevera kwekutanga" yakatyorwa kekutanga. Muna 2009, mushure mekunge mafekitori esimbi muJapan neSouth Korea asimbisa "mutengo wekutanga" nevacheri vatatu vakuru, China haina kubvuma kudzikira kwe33%, asi yakasvika pachibvumirano neFMG pamutengo wakaderera zvishoma. Kubva ipapo, modhi ye "kutanga kutevera mafambiro" yakaguma zviri pamutemo, uye nzira yemitengo ye index yakatanga kushanda.
Parizvino, ma indekisi esimbi akaburitswa pasi rose anosanganisira Platts iodex, TSI index, mbio index uye China iron ore price index (ciopi). Kubva muna 2010, Platts index yakasarudzwa neBHP, Vale, FMG naRio Tinto sehwaro hwemitengo yesimbi yepasi rose. Mbio index yakaburitswa neBritish metal healder muna Chivabvu 2009, zvichibva pamutengo we62% grade iron ore muQingdao port, China (CFR). TSI index yakaburitswa nekambani yeBritain SBB muna Kubvumbi 2006. Parizvino, inoshandiswa chete sehwaro hwekugadzirisa kutengeserana kwesimbi paSingapore neChicago exchanges, uye haina simba pamusika wekutengesa wesimbi. Iron ore price index yeChina yakaburitswa pamwe chete neChina Iron and Steel Industry Association, China Minmetals chemical import and Export Chamber of Commerce neChina Metallurgical and mining enterprises association. Yakatongwa muna Nyamavhuvhu 2011. Nhamba yemutengo wesimbi yeChina ine ma sub index maviri: nhamba yemutengo wesimbi yemuno uye nhamba yemutengo wesimbi yesimbi inounzwa kunze kwenyika, zvese zvichibva pamutengo waKubvumbi 1994 (mapoinzi zana).
Muna 2011, mutengo wesimbi yakatorwa kubva kunze kwenyika muChina waipfuura US $190 / tani yakaoma, yakakwira zvakanyanya, uye avhareji yemutengo wegore iroro yaive US $162.3 / tani yakaoma. Mushure mezvo, mutengo wesimbi yakatorwa kubva kunze kwenyika muChina wakatanga kudzikira gore negore, ukasvika pasi muna 2016, neavhareji yemutengo wegore negore weUS $51.4 / tani yakaoma. Mushure megore ra2016, mutengo wesimbi yakatorwa kubva kunze kwenyika muChina wakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Pakazosvika gore ra2021, avhareji yemutengo wemakore matatu, avhareji yemutengo wemakore mashanu uye avhareji yemutengo wemakore gumi yaive 109.1 USD / tani yakaoma, 93.2 USD / tani yakaoma uye 94.6 USD / tani yakaoma zvakateerana.