Muna 2019, kushandiswa kwepasirese kwesimbi isina kuchena kwaisvika matani 1.89 bhiriyoni, uko kunoshandiswa neChina kwesimbi isina kuchena yaive matani 950 miriyoni, inoverengera makumi mashanu muzana epasi rose.Muna 2019, kushandiswa kwesimbi kuChina kwakasvika pakakwirira, uye kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kuchena pamunhu kwakasvika 659 kg.Kubva pane ruzivo rwebudiriro yenyika dzakasimukira muEurope neUnited States, apo kushandiswa kuri pachena kwesimbi isina kuchena pamunhu kunosvika 500 kg, mwero wekushandisa unoderera.Naizvozvo, zvinogona kufanotaurwa kuti China simbi yekushandisa mwero yasvika pakakwirira, ichapinda munguva yakagadzikana, uye pakupedzisira kudiwa kunoderera.Muna 2020, mashandisirwo epasi rose uye kubuda kwesimbi isina kuchena aive 1.89 bhiriyoni matani uye 1.88 bhiriyoni matani zvichiteerana.Simbi isina kuchena yaigadzirwa nesimbi sechinhu chikuru chaive 1.31 bhiriyoni matani, ichidya matani anosvika 2.33 bhiriyoni esimbi, yakadzikira zvishoma pane yakabuda matani 2.4 bhiriyoni esimbi mugore rimwe chete.
Nekuongorora kubuda kwesimbi isina kuchena uye kushandiswa kwesimbi yakapedzwa, kudiwa kwemusika kwesimbi kunogona kuratidzwa.Kuitira kubatsira vaverengi kunzwisisa zvirinani hukama huripo pakati pevatatu ava, bepa rino rinoita ongororo pfupi kubva pazvinhu zvitatu zvinoti: world crude steel goho, mashandisirwo ari pachena uye mashandiro emitengo yesimbi pasi rose.
World crude steel output
Muna 2020, kuburitswa kwesimbi kwepasirese kwaive bhiriyoni 1.88 matani.Simbi dzisina kuchena dzakabuda muChina, India, Japan, United States, Russia neSouth Korea dzakaita 56.7%, 5.3%, 4.4%, 3.9%, 3.8% uye 3.6% yezvakabuda pasi rose zvichiteerana, uye iyo yakazara crude simbi. nyika nhanhatu dzakabuda dzakaita 77.5% yezvakabuda pasi rose.Muna 2020, kuburitswa kwesimbi kwepasi rose kwakawedzera ne30.8% gore-pagore.
China crude simbi yakabuda muna 2020 ndeye 1.065 bhiriyoni matani.Mushure mekupaza matani miriyoni zana kekutanga muna 1996, simbi yeChina yakabuditswa yakasvika 490 miriyoni matani muna 2007, inodarika kana kakapetwa mumakore gumi nemaviri, neavhareji yekukura kwepagore ye14.2%.Kubva 2001 kusvika 2007, kukura kwegore negore kwakasvika 21.1%, kusvika 27.2% (2004).Mushure megore ra2007, rakakanganiswa nedambudziko rezvemari, zvirambidzo zvekugadzira uye zvimwe zvinhu, kuwedzera kwekukura kwekugadzirwa kwesimbi kweChina kwakaderera, uye kwakatoratidza kukura kusina kunaka muna 2015. Nokudaro, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti danho rekukurumidza resimbi yeChina uye. simbi kukura yapfuura, ramangwana goho kukura zvishoma, uye pachava pakupedzisira kuipa kukura.
Kubva 2010 kusvika 2020, India crude simbi goho goho mwero wekukura kwechipiri chete China, neavhareji gore negore kukura 3.8%;Crude steel goho rakapfuura 100 miriyoni matani kekutanga muna 2017, ikava nyika yechishanu ine crude steel kubuda matani anopfuura miriyoni zana munhoroondo, uye yakapfuura Japan muna 2018, iri pachinzvimbo chechipiri pasi rose.
United States ndiyo nyika yekutanga ine 100 miriyoni goho rekubuda kwe100 miriyoni matani esimbi isina kuchena (inodarika miriyoni matani esimbi isina kuchena yakawanikwa kekutanga muna 1953), ichisvika pakubuda kwe137 miriyoni matani muna 1973, ichiiswa pekutanga. munyika maererano ne crude simbi yakabuda kubva 1950 kusvika 1972. Zvisinei, kubvira 1982, kubuda kwesimbi isina kuchena muUnited States kwakaderera, uye kubuda kwesimbi isina kuchena muna 2020 inongova mamiriyoni 72,7 matani.
Nyika inooneka kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kuchena
Muna 2019, kushandiswa kwepasi rose kwesimbi isina kuchena kwaive mabhiriyoni 1.89 ematani.Kushandiswa kuri pachena kwesimbi isina kuchena muChina, India, United States, Japan, South Korea neRussia yakaverengera 50%, 5.8%, 5.7%, 3.7%, 2.9% uye 2.5% yehuwandu hwepasi rose zvakateerana.Muna 2019, kushandiswa kwepasi rose kwesimbi isina kuchena kwakawedzera ne52.7% pamusoro pe2009, neavhareji yekukura kwegore re4.3%.
Kushandiswa kweChina kwesimbi isina kuchena muna 2019 kuri pedyo nebhirioni imwe yematani.Mushure mekupaza matani miriyoni zana kekutanga muna 1993, kushandiswa kwesimbi kweChina kwakasvika matani anopfuura mamiriyoni mazana maviri muna 2002, ndokupinda munguva yekukura nokukurumidza, kusvika matani mamiriyoni 570 muna 2009, kuwedzera kwe179.2% pamusoro. 2002 uye avhareji yegore yekukura mwero we15.8%.Mushure me2009, nekuda kwedambudziko remari uye kugadzirisa kwehupfumi, kukura kwekuda kwakadzikira.Kushandiswa kweChina kwesimbi isina kuchena kwakaratidza kukura kwakashata muna 2014 na2015, uye kwakadzokera mukukura kwakanaka muna 2016, asi kukura kwakaderera mumakore achangopfuura.
Kushandiswa kweIndia kwesimbi isina kuchena muna 2019 kwaive 108.86 miriyoni matani, ichipfuura United States uye pachinzvimbo chechipiri pasirese.Muna 2019, kushandiswa kweIndia kwesimbi isina kuchena kwakawedzera ne69.1% pamusoro pe2009, neavhareji yekukura kwegore re5.4%, iri pekutanga pasirese panguva imwe cheteyo.
IUnited States ndiyo nyika yekutanga pasi rose iyo inoratidzika kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kuchena inodarika zana remamiriyoni ematani, uye inotungamira pasi rose kwemakore akawanda.Kukanganiswa nedambudziko remari ra2008, kushandiswa kwesimbi kuUnited States kwakadzikira zvakanyanya muna 2009, kuda kusvika 1/3 yakaderera pane iyo muna 2008, matani 69.4 miriyoni chete.Kubva 1993, kushandiswa kuri pachena kwesimbi isina kuchena muUnited States kwave kuri pasi pemamiriyoni zana ematani muna 2009 na2010 chete.
World per capita zviri pachena kushandiswa kwecrude steel
Muna 2019, mashandisirwo epasirese pasirese pamunhu wese aive 245 kg.Iyo yepamusoro pamunhu inoratidzika kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kuchena yaive South Korea (1082 kg / munhu).Dzimwe nyika huru dzinodya simbi dzisina kuchena dzine huwandu hwepamusoro hunoonekwa hwekushandisa yaive China (659 kg / munhu), Japan (550 kg / munhu), Germany (443 kg / munhu), Turkey (332 kg / munhu), Russia (322 kg / munhu). munhu) uye United States (265 kg / munhu).
Industrialization inzira iyo vanhu vanoshandura zviwanikwa kuti zvive hupfumi hwevanhu.Kana hupfumi hwemagariro hunowedzera kune imwe nhanho uye indasitiri inopinda munguva yakakura, shanduko huru ichaitika mune yehupfumi chimiro, kushandiswa kwesimbi isina kuchena uye yakakosha zvicherwa zviwanikwa zvichatanga kuderera, uye kukurumidza kwesimba rekushandisa kuchadererawo.Semuenzaniso, kunwiwa kwesimbi isina kuchena pamunhu wese muUnited States kwakaramba kuri padanho repamusoro muma1970s, kusvika pa711 kg (1973).Kubva ipapo, kudyiwa kwesimbi isina kuchena pamunhu wese muUnited States kwakatanga kudzikira, nekudzikira kukuru kubva kuma1980 kusvika kuma1990.Yakawira pasi (226kg) muna 2009 uye zvishoma nezvishoma yakadzokera ku330kg kusvika 2019.
Muna 2020, huwandu hwevanhu veIndia, South America neAfrica huchave 1.37 bhiriyoni, 650 miriyoni uye 1.29 bhiriyoni zvichiteerana, inova iyo huru nzvimbo yekukura kwesimbi kudiwa mune ramangwana, asi zvinoenderana nekusimudzira hupfumi hwenyika dzakasiyana. panguva iyoyo.
Global iron ore pricing mechanism
Iyo yepasi rose iron ore pricing mechanism inonyanya kusanganisira yenguva refu yekudyidzana mitengo uye index mitengo.Nguva refu yekudyidzana mitengo yaimbova yakakosha yesimbi ore nzira yemitengo munyika.Mhedzisiro yaro ndeyekuti kupihwa uye kudiwa mativi esimbi ore kukiya huwandu hwekugovera kana huwandu hwekutenga kuburikidza nezvibvumirano zvenguva refu.Iro izwi rinowanzo 5-10 makore, kana kunyange 20-30 makore, asi mutengo hauna kugadziriswa.Kubva kuma1980s, bhenji remitengo yezvenguva refu yemubatanidzwa yemitengo yachinja kubva pamutengo wepakutanga weFOB kuenda pamutengo wakakurumbira pamwe nekutakura zvinhu mugungwa.
Tsika yemitengo yemaitiro emitengo yemubatanidzwa wenguva refu ndeyekuti mugore rega rega remari, vatengesi vakuru vesimbi pasi rose vanotaurirana nevatengi vavo vakuru kuti vaone mutengo wesimbi wegore rinotevera remari.Kana mutengo watemwa, mapato ese ari maviri anofanira kuushandisa mukati megore rimwe zvichienderana nemutengo waunenge wataurirana.Mushure mekunge chero bato revanoda simbi uye chero bato remutengesi wesimbi vabvumirana, nhaurirano dzinopera, uye mutengo wepasi rose wesimbi uchapedzwa kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi.Iyi nzira yekutaurirana ndiyo "kutanga kutevedzera maitiro" maitiro.Benchmark yemitengo ndeyeFOB.Kuwedzera kwesimbi yehutano hwakafanana pasi rose kwakafanana, kureva, "FOB, kuwedzera kwakafanana".
Mutengo wesimbi muJapan wakatonga musika wepasi rose wesimbi nematani makumi maviri muna 1980 ~ 2001. Mushure mekupinda muzana remakore rechi21, indasitiri yesimbi nesimbi yeChina yakabudirira uye yakatanga kuita zvakakosha pakupa uye kudiwa kwemaitiro epasi rose iron ore. .kugadzirwa kwesimbi kwakatanga kusakwanisa kusangana nekuwedzera kukurumidza kwesimba rekugadzira simbi nesimbi pasi rose, uye mitengo yepasi rose yesimbi yakatanga kukwira zvakanyanya, ichiisa hwaro hwe "kuderera" kwemaitiro emutengo wechibvumirano chenguva refu.
Muna 2008, BHP, vale neRio Tinto vakatanga kutsvaga nzira dzekuisa mitengo dzinoenderana nezvido zvavo.Mushure mekunge vale vataurirana mutengo wekutanga, Rio Tinto yakarwira kuwedzera kukuru iri yega, uye "yekutanga yekutevera" modhi yakaputswa kekutanga.Muna 2009, mushure mokunge simbi dzesimbi muJapan neSouth Korea dzakasimbisa "mutengo wekutanga" nevatatu vakuru vemigodhi, China haina kubvuma kuderera kwe33%, asi yakasvika chibvumirano neFMG pamutengo wakaderera.Kubva ipapo, "kutanga kutevedzera maitiro" modhi yakapera zviri pamutemo, uye nzira yemitengo ye index yakatanga.
Parizvino, iyo iron ore indexes yakaburitswa pasirese kunyanya inosanganisira Platts iodex, TSI index, mbio uye China iron ore price index (ciopi).Kubva 2010, indekisi yePlatts yakasarudzwa neBHP, Vale, FMG neRio Tinto sehwaro hwemitengo yepasi rose yesimbi.Indekisi yekumhanyisa yakaburitswa neBritish metal herald muna Chivabvu 2009, zvichibva pamutengo we62% giredhi iron ore muQingdao port, China (CFR).Iyo TSI index yakabudiswa neBritish kambani SBB muna Kubvumbi 2006. Parizvino, inongoshandiswa sehwaro hwekugadzirisa kwesimbi ore swap transactions paSingapore neChicago exchanges, uye haina kukanganisa pamusika wekutengesa wesimbi. ore.China's iron ore price index yakaburitswa zvakabatana neChina Iron and Steel Industry Association, China Minmetals chemical import and Export Chamber of Commerce neChina Metallurgical and mining enterprises association.Yakaiswa mukuedzwa muna Nyamavhuvhu 2011. Indekisi yemutengo wesimbi yekuChina ine zvikamu zviviri: indekisi yemitengo yesimbi yepamba uye indekisi yemitengo yesimbi kubva kunze kwenyika, zvese zvichibva pamutengo muna Kubvumbi 1994 (100 points).
Muna 2011, mutengo wesimbi inotengeswa kunze kwenyika muChina yakapfuura US $ 190 / tani yakaoma, rekodhi yakakwirira, uye mutengo wepagore wegore iroro waiva US $ 162.3 / yakaoma toni.Zvadaro, mutengo wesimbi inotengeswa kunze kwenyika muChina yakatanga kuderera gore negore, ichisvika pasi mu2016, nemutengo wepakati wegore we US ​​$ 51.4 / toni yakaoma.Mushure megore ra2016, mutengo weChina wakatengeswa kunze kwenyika simbi wakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma.Pakazosvika 2021, mutengo weavhareji wemakore matatu, mutengo weavhareji wemakore mashanu uye mutengo weavhareji wemakore gumi waiva 109.1 USD / toni yakaoma, 93.2 USD / toni yakaoma uye 94.6 USD / toni yakaoma zvakateerana.